he purpose of this research was to determine the effect of different multiple choice test item-option scoring methods of (a) conventiona! scoring -number right scoring -, (b) priori weighting, (c) Z, scoring, (d) Zz scoring on the item and test parameters. This study was carried out in Arı College (Grade 8, 30 students) and Arı Science High School (Grade 9, 30 student - Grade 10,28 student) on 88 students in fall semester of the school year 1999-2000 A 20-item dea1ing with determining the relationship betwcen numbers was constructed for this study. Each item has four options. The research findings can be summarized as follows; from all the item-option scoring methods used, approximately the same item discrimination values were found. The indices of test reliabilities were found adequately high, but there was no significant relationship between these four reliability indices. it was also found that, the four item option scoring schemes did the same effect on the validity of test. Studies on validity and reliability showed that, when using numerous item scoring methods, one gets most of the time slight improvement in test reliabi1ity and no remarkable change in validity.

Keywords: (1,0) scoring (number-right), priori weighting, Zinger Z1 and Z2 scoring.
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Teaching profession, the importance of the teacher education and the roles of the teachers are the concepts which become a current issue almost in every society. In the last decade, most of the developed countries, firstly the USA, started to re-exarnine the concept ofteaching and the teacher education system. Then they initiated some reform movements. The basic reason of this current issue is the expectation to become increasingly important of the teaching profession in the twentyfirst century. The aim of this research is to clarify the above-mentioned issue which is also important for our country. In doing this, it was tried to evaluate the positive and the negative aspects of the new adjustment which have been applied in the re-stricturing process of the Faculties of Education since the academic year 1998-1999.

Keywords: Teacher ,teaching profession,re Stucturing in teacher education.
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There is a difficulty in teaching/learning the concept of probability because of the various reasons such as a shortage of competent teachers and students' misconceptions. In the study, the performances of the prospective mathematics teachers on probability was investigated. The subject consisted of 125 seniors enrolled in the secondary mathematics teacher education programs in Ankara. The percentages of correct answers of seven questions was lower than that of wrong answer. The prospective mathematics teachers did not have some basic concepts of probability such as probability of occurring event(s), sample point, and sample space. They also could not specify type of events. Furthermore, they could not compute probability of non-mutually exclusive events. Consequently, prospective mathematics teachers did not have enough competencies on probability

Keywords: Probabili~y, Prospective Matlıematics Teacher, Perj(Jrmance on Probability
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In the Fall of 1999 a team from the Center for Research on Learning and Technology (CRLT) at IndianaUniversity evaluated four online courses for a large academic program at another institution. The eva1uation provided feedback to individual course instructors as well as informationto the program directors about strengthsand weaknesses of the online courses in their program. The evaluators used Chickering's "Seven Principles for Good Practice in Undergraduate Education" [1] as a framework for their evaluations. In addition, they incorporated some basic guidelines for effective human-computer-interface design into the evaluation. This paper describes some important strategies, for each of the seven principles of good practice, that can be appJ,ieddirectly to evaluation of online courses. The evaiuation strategies presented are not onlyol' practical value in evaluating existing online courses but can alsa be used to inform the design and development of newonline courses.

Keywords: on-line courses, distance course evaluation. hııman-computer-interaction.
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In the] 997/98 .academic year, the duration of compulsory education has been increased to 8 years instead of 5 years and this has caused radical changes in the Turkish Education System. Prior to this change, Anatolian High Schools accepted students after a compulsory education of 5 years and an entrance examination and including the prep class, secondary school and high school provided these students with an education period of 7 years. However, after this change Anatolian High schools were reorganized as 4 year institutions. Before this reform, students had the opportunity of taking 24-hour/week foreign language courses for a whole year in the prep class and the foreign language teaching continued nonstop for 7 yearsJn this study, that the learning prozess of a student who has started learning a foreign language in compulsory educationmay be forced to take up another foreign language in the Anatolian High School before being proficient in the first have been proved.

Keywords: AnalOlian H(gh SehıJOls, Foreign Language Teaching. Educaıion RejÔrm
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The purposeof this study was to investigate the proposals of advisors and students for improving academic advising. The 287 academic advisors and 735 students from different departments participated in this study. Students and academic advisors were asked to state their proposals on how to improve the effectiveness of the presentacademic advising system at METU. The proposals obtained from academic advisors and students were qualitatively analysed regardless of studentgrade level and academic advisors' department or faculty. Based on the analysis of data, the suggestions of students and academic advisors were grouped under several headings such as flow of information, who should be an academic advisor, responsibilities and load of advisors, and the use of technology in advising process. The results of the studyare discussed in light of available previous research findings.

Keywords: academic advising, university, improving
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To determine the students' understanding levels of some concepts in chemistry course Chemistry Achievement test was administeredto 142 first grade students of Chemistry Education, Physics Education, Biology Education and Science Education branches of Hacettepe University Education Faculty. Students were asked to respond the items and the reason of their answers to explain and to define the concepts. In all three gmups student were foundto have concept confusion regarding 6 concepts (mole, molecule-atomic mass, mass number-oxidizing-oxidised). Mareaver althaugh some questions related to certain con-" cepts were respanded correctly, their explanations were mastly nat given. At the same time understandinglevels of girls and boys were found to be differenL

Keywords: Misconception, Mole-Molecule, Atomic Mass-Mass Number, Oxidizing Agent- Reducing Agent
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In this study, it is stated that the reading habits of the foreign language students should not be limited to course hours and coursebooks but they need to be led for extensive reading done outside the language classrooms so that they can make use of their reading skills gained during the language courses. Students need to be aware of the fact that learning reading in a foreign language is a gradual process and teachers need to equip them with the techniques and strategies that they could apply outside the classrooms.

Keywords: Cerman course, reading ability, reading Doaks
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This researeh aims at putting forward and evaluating the edueation policies and the applieations of Turkey for Turkic Republics as well as the Turks and Relative Communities. The study especially aims at focussing on "Major Student Project" which has a very important portion within the education activities of Turkey for the above-mentioned eountries. Within this framework, the new policies of Turkeyand the position of the sector of education underthese policies for Turk World are considered. Moreover, several relevant institutions and organizations, legal basis, applications and the results of monitoring and evaluation are presented. With the studies started in the field of education, Turkey became the initiator of the integration of the mentioned countries with Turkey as well as Westem eountries. In this context, "Major Student Project" which was started by Turkey in the early years of 1990's, has a very important function. It is proven one more time that, having the monitoring and evaluation mechanisms is necessary in order to obtain the requested result from the project. For the suceess of "Major Student Project" needed cooperation with several institutions and organizations, it is mentioned that this project needs to discuss at alllevels and related to this proposals are developed.

Keywords: Turkic Republic, Education Policies. Maior Student Project
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In test development approaches methods relying on classical test theory and latent traits theory are used. On condition that the distribution of the test scores is normal, transformation is likely to be achieved. From the item difficulty index (p) and item discrimaination index (1') in classical test theory to the item difficulty (b) and item discrimination index (a) in the two parameter iogistic model of latent traits theory. In this study, the Turkish and Maths subtests of Anadolu High School Entrance Exam by the Ministry of Education are utilised and item parameters of latent traits theory are estimated from the item statistics of the classical test theory. The findings demonstrated that the distribution of the Turkish test scores resembles to normal distribution more than that of the Math test scores, that the correlation between the values of the b parameters of both subtests, which are estimated and the values which are calculated from the transformatian formulas is more than that of the a parameter; and finaııy that the parameters obtained from Turkish test are in higher correlations with the ones obtain from the Maths test.

Keywords: Clasiccal test theory, latent trait theory, re. lating item response theory to classical test theııry, item parameters
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In the study, Chemistry Achievement Tests that are designed to involve three different item types (multiple choice, short answer and essay type) toward the same behaviouralobjective and that are administered to the same group of students were compared in terms of psychometric features and of student's achievement. The study carried on 73 third and fourth class students attending to Hacettepe University, Department of Secondary Science and Mathematics Education. The results obtained as follows: No significant difference was observed among tests with respect to related to their psychometric properties. No significant difference was observed between girls and boys in terms of their achievement according to testing types. A significant difference was observed between multiple choice and short answer tests, short answer and. essay types tests in term of student's achievement in favour of short answer type test.

Keywords: Multiple-choice test, Short answer type test, Essav I)'pe exam, Chemistrv achievement.
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This study investigated teachers perceptions of teaeher development practices in Turkey, specifically teaehers' perceptions of the existence of professional development opportunities, and availability of in-service activities and usefulness of those staff development opportunities. A survey was used to eollect data. The population of this study includes all public elementary school teachers in the province of Ankara, Turkey. A representative sample of 500 subjeets from 52 sehools was seleeted. Responses to the study questionnaire indicate that most Turkish elementary school teaehers have participated in in-service training activities only once or twice during their career. The results also show that rural school teachers have been less fortunate in having access to inservice training activities than urban school teachers. The respondents overwhelmingly agreed that teachers need opportunities to improve their teaching skills and knowledge

Keywords: Teachin, professional development. teacher development. teachers' perceptions. stafl development. elementary school. improving teachinE(.
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The present study aims to investigate the effect of gender difference and reasoning ability on the learning of human circulatory system concepts. Group Assessment of Logical Thinking and the Human Circulatory System Concepts Test were administeredto 47 tenth grade students to determine their reasoning ability and achievement, respectively. Two-way ANOV A was used to analyze the data. The results revealed that while gender difference did not affect the performance on the achievement test, reasoning ability significantly affected students' achievement

Keywords: Reasoning Ability, Gender Difference, Human Circulatory System
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A comparative analysis of the French and Turkish idioms with color names has been made in this study. It has been searched firstly whether it exists in both languages the idioms which are frequently used in daily communicationin the native language but are not very easy to use in teaching and leaming a foreign language. Subsequently, the connotationsof color names have been stutied and it has been attemptedto show to what extent these connotations overlap in Turkish and French idioms or how they differentiate from each other. This comparison has shown that in both French and Turkish idioms, black, white, red were more frequently used as color names. Furthermore, it has been concIuded that the color names such as yellow, green and blue were rarely and grey never used in Turkish idioms.

Keywords: French and Turkish idioms, colors in idioms, connotation colors.
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Effects of social changes and developments are seen of our life. However, people of 2] .century stili have resistaney and traditionally conservative attitudes towards some values. For example, in our society because "sexuality"is stili atabu, it is a hidden subject for which there is no change in consciousness and leve] of information parallel with social development. In this research, 665 mother from low socio-cu]tural level who have children between 2- ı 8 age groups were participated. In order to determine their attitudes toward sexualityand sexual education of their children, 21 question were asked in a quastionnare statistical analysis of data where taken by chi-square method of SPSS 10 for Windows Program. Some of the results of these analysis are: Mother's is of all age groups express that they do not know what the sexual education is and other groups define the sexualityas a sexual intercourse. They say that sexualityand sexual education start in high school years. They explain that both for boys and girls, some informations about sexualityare given by mothers and asking some questions to other people outside of family is not appropriate. Theyexpress that without any demand of children, mothers usually don't give any information about any subject and they usually feel ashamed when they answer.

Keywords: Sexuality, sexual education, mother/mothers.
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This study was carried out with the intention of examining the three factors -the reader, the text and the task - which were expected to play a crueial role in the assessment of EFL leamer's reading comprehension ability. The data for the study were collected from university students in prep. English programs. The results of the study reve al positive support for using more than one technique per text to measure reading ability. The multiple-choice task, consisting of factual, infereneing, and generalization questions, and the written recall task are examined in the ir interaction with two text types. An analysis of data obtained from these two task and text types draw attention to the importance of reader's familiarity with a given text topic and how this can affect results on two measurement techniques. Qualitative analysis of written recalls reveal interesting information on the text processing strategies of sıudents.

Keywords: Written recall protocols. expasitory texts. umtentfamiliarity, asse.l'smenttask.L
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Die Methode "Concept - Maps" ist wie in allen anderen Bereichen, auch im naturwissenschaftlichen Unterricht eine der wichtigsten Lernmethoden, durch die man ein sinnvolles Lernen erreicht. Beim Zustandekommen des sinnvollen Lernens gibt es hier zwei Lehrstrukturen, die bei dem beteiligten Lernen eingesetzt werden und den Lernenden beim "Lernen des Lernens" helfen: namlich die "ConceptMaps" und die "V-Diagramrne". Die Concept-Maps und V-Diagramme erleichtern den Lernenden das Lernen ohne auswendiges Lernen und das Verstehen der Zusammenhange zwischen den Themen. In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden für das Unterrichten des Lernkapitels "Farbstoffe und Arzneimittel", dessen Aufnahme in das Curriculum des organischen Chemieunterrichts in den Sekundarstufen wir für erforderlich halten mit Beispielen für Concept-Maps erarbeitet und das Erfordernis mit Gründen erlautert, welche Beispiele für ein besseres Lehren der in diesem Kapitel enthaltenen Themen darzustellen sind und Laborversuche für die Schiiler entworfen. Und im Anschluss dazu wird die Aufnahme des Kapitels "Farbstoffe und Arzneimittel" in das organische Chemieunterricht vorgeschlagen, welche in dem Curriculum des Chemieunterrichts 3 in der XI. Klasse des Gymnasium noch nicht enthalten ist.

Keywords: Concept Maps. "Concept Maps" im Chemieunterrich
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The aim of this study is to detennine at which degree second-year students who take the course involving chemical bonds and last year students who took the same course two years ago understand 5 concepts related to chemical bonds and to analyse misconceptions, if they have. In order to identify misconceptions, 12 multiple choice items developed by Furio- Calatayud and two tier diagnostic test involving 12 multiple choice items developed by authors are used. Two tests were administered to both groups, total 76 students. The range of correct responses in multiple choice test for second year students is 36%- 91.7%, and that for last year students is 25%-77.5%. This range in the diagnostic instrument for second year and last year students is as follows respectively: 38.9%-100% and 27.5%-90%. The result obtained indicate that second year students have less misconceptions as their knowledge on chemical bonds is newer. Furthermore, new misconceptions are identified.

Keywords: Misconceptions, Chemical Bonding, Multiple Choice and Two-tier diagnostic test
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Nietzsehe's viı;ws of edueation and of philosophy of edueation related to history and philosophy of historyare the most negleeted aspeet of his general philosophy. A number of people either do not know anything abou! Nietzsche's edueational ideas or do not figure out easily what he said regarding the importanee of edueation. However, it is highly possible to find very striking answers akin to the liberation of mankind from its idols and illusions and the question of how to transfer knowledge, whieh is one of the most important problems of education.

Keywords: History, Philosophy of History, Educarion, Phi/o.l'ophy of Education.
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The purposes of this paper are to identify a useful definition of problem-based learning approach, the essential characteristics of problem-based learning approach in science education and to evaluate ıts general effectiveness. The study is intended to provide answers to the follawing questions: What is the problem-based learning approach? What are the principal characteristics of problem-based learning approach? How must been problem based learning approach in elemantary school s organized in terms of scienee edueation? How effeetive has the problem-based learning process been in aehieving in science edueations' objeetives?

Keywords: Science Education, Problem- based learning approacah, problem solving,
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Students develop in a cognitive and affective domain and individual creative expressİon capacity by cooperative leaming in alearning environment which was established for arts/cultural education. Cooperative learning method develops social skills of the students. This method also helps them to improve self-esteem, to provide face to face interaction, and to encoUfage their intrİnsic motiyation. Moreover, by the cooperative leaming method students tend to !ike school better, develop peer norms in favar of doing well academically, and improve the understandings of cooperation and concem welfare of others

Keywords: Art/cultural, art education, cooperative teaming
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ABET 2000 is a total quality management based system aimed at accrediting engineering programs. While going through ABET 2000, engineering departments are asked to set their mission and objectives, to assess their outcomes and implement changes to facilitate continous development. ABET 2000 involves self-evaluation, yet there are a number of criteria that should be met, involving the minimum standards for the skills and abilities of engineering graduates. Since the primary targets of ABET 2000 are the engineering programs in the U.S A., these minimum standards reflect the needs of the constituencies in the U.S.A.. The Middle East Technical University, Faculty of Engineering is the first foreign institution that has applied for an evaluation through ABET 2000. Accordingly, it appears that the standards for the qualifications of graduates must be determined by taking into account the needs of the constituencies in Turkey, with the major constituencies of universities being the employers. it is conc1uded that the combination of a firm quality management system and a method by which minimum standards for the qualifications of graduates are based upon national needs, is a possible approach in setting a national accreditation system.

Keywords: ABET, Accreditation, Total Qulaity Management
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The Delphi technique was developed in the 1950s by two research scientists working at the RAND Corporation in USA, Olaf Helmer and Norman Dalkey. The purpose of the Delphi technique is to make predictions, elicit experts' opinions, and seek consensus. The Delphi is particularly appropriate when decision-making is required in a political or emotional environment, or when the decisions affect strong factions wİth opposing preferences. In general, the Delphi technique has three features: (l) anonymity, (2) statistical group response, and (3). controlled feedback The Delphi technique usually involves iterative questionnaires administered to individual experts. Feedback of results accompanies each iteration of the questionnaire, which continues until convergence of opinion is reached. The end product is the consensus of experts. The Delphi technique has both strengths and limitatİons.

Keywords: Delphi technique, research methods, consensus building
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The purpose of this study is to find out the effects of bridging analogies on students' misconceptions in gravity and inertia. Mechanies Diagnostie Test developed by the researchers was applied twiee as a pretest and a posttest to the 67, 9th grade students in a nearby high schoo]. In the period between the pretest and the posttest gravity and inertia were instructed to the students by using bridging ana]ogies. The findings of the pretest have shown that the students actuaIly have misconceptions about gravity and inertia. By comparing the results of the pretest and the posttest, it is seen that these misconceptions can be remediated by using bridging analogies.

Keywords: Bridging analogies, anchoring analogies, miseonceptions in gravity, miseoneeptions in inertia, treatment of miseoneeptions.
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The main purpose of this study is to use analogy that promote conceptual change in 10 grade students' misconception on the concept of chemical equilibrium. To diognose students' misconception in the concept of chemical equilibrium, a 47 items multiple choice and truelfalse test administred 38 lOth grade students. In the experimental group, students made 5 anology in smail groups during the instruction while control group instructed with traditional teaching method. The results show ed that the experimental group satatistically showed higher performance on understanding of chemical equilibrium concepts than the control group. In adition, analysis of resuts as percentages showed that experimental group have lower percentage of misconceptions on chemical equilibrium than control group. Also, analysis of results showed that both of the group have misconceptions in the areas related to (I) approach to equilibrium (2) characteristics of chemical equilibrium (3) changing equilibrium conditions and (4) adding a catalyst.

Keywords: Misconception. Chemical Equilibrium. Analogy
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