In this research, the learning achivement was studied in basic learning skills in the basic schools in Turkey in terms of educational objectives of educational programme for basic schools and the framework of the world decleration. (Education for all conference held in Jomtien, Tailand). In the study, basic learning skills in Turkish, mathematics, social science and naturel seciences were included in the study. Attitudes towards science and technology, health and citizenship were also studied.

Keywords: measuring basic learning skills, education for all, basic learning skills, needs for basic skills.
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The aim of this paper is to explain competencies and skills which should be developed by preschool curriculum. These competencies and skills relate to self-awareness, social skills- cultural awareness, coımnunication skills which include language, musıc, movement, drama, art, perceptualmotor skills, analytical thinking, problem-solving skills, creative and aesthetic awareness.

Keywords: Preschool curriculum, Development, Skiıı, Competency.
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The purpose of this research is to determine the relation between forth grade students academic self concept, their learning styles in the classroom, study styles out of the classroom and achievement in the social studies. The result of this studyare summarized as follows: The relation between academic self concept and achievement was found high in the high socioeconomic level school, the relation between learning styles in the class and achievement was found low. In addition the relation between study styles out of the classroom and achievement was found high. The students who attanded school in the high socioeconomic level was found more succesfull than the students who attended school in the low socio-economic level.

Keywords: Learning strategies elementary schooL. Teaching of the social studies in the elementary schooL.
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The study is developed on the assumption that is Individuals develop different degree of expectancy of succe ss or failure on particular intellectual tasks: At a stronger level of expectancy of success on failure has a determining role in guiding preferences and motives. The aim of this study is mainly to find out the relattions between degree of students' achievement expectancy and the level of achievement on the final examination of Educational Psychology course (EBB 321), at the second grade of English Teacher training Programme. Three variables are included to the study. These are (1) academic achievement of students on the final exam, (2) Students' expectancy for the achievement, (3) factors perceived by students, effect student academic achievement. Findings point out that there is a low positive correlation between studenls' expectancy and the academic grades students received on the final exaınination (r= .441, r2=.1625). The number of students who perceive their involvement in classroom discussion and their studying strategy as achievement factors, take place on the higher grade, not only on the expectancy but also on the achievement score.

Keywords: Achievement expectancy, academic achieyement, locus of control.
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According to the UNESCO estimates, after the World War II, a rapid quantitative expansion occured in all educational systems and the total world enrolments (between 1960 and 1980) roughly doubled. The bulk of this great expansion was achieved by the developing countries. On the other hand, in the same period, total public education expenditures increased about ten-fold. But only 12 per cent of these expenditures was used by the developing countries. The explosion in educational demand combined with financial crisis directed the developing countries to new pursuits of cost-saving strategies. Some of the cost-saving strategies seen in the developing countries as fo1- lows; reducing the years of schooling, starting the school at later ages, increasing class sizes, multi-shift schooling, reducing teacher and capital costs, preventing repetitions and drop-outs ete.

Keywords: Co st reduction, cost-savings.
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Supervision has a great share in fulfilling or~ ganizational objectives. Supervision is a cylcing process consisting of the activities of identification of the degree of the fulfilmint of organisational objectives, evaluation, correction and development. Educational supervision is a means of realising educational objectives and preparing a medium for efficient education. In Turkey, educational supervision is performed by the supervisors directly belonging to Ministry of Education and the primary education supervisors belonging to governorship in the provınces. The objectives of educational supervision in terıns of supervision elemants are identification, evaluation, correction and development of a) the fulfilment of educational objectives, b) educational medium, c) appropriateness of the methods and the techniques. d) means of measurement and evaluation, e) endeavour of teachers, f) co-operation and co-ordination of schoolenvironment, teacher-student-administrator, g) the problems of supervision itself. Fulfilling the objectives of educational supervision depends on certain principles such as having an objective, plan, deamess, integrity, continuity, being democratic, awareness of individual differences and depending on hUlnan relations.

Keywords: Objectives, principles, supervision.
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The behaviors which were intended to measure in university entrance examinations in Turkey had been invastigated and summarized in terms ofB. S. Bloom's Taxonomy.

Keywords: Cognitive behaviors, Selection & placement examinations, Measured behaviors
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The purpose of this study is to find out the similarities of both item parameters and ability parameters estimated by the Rasch model of latent traits theory and the clasical test theory. The data used in this studyare the responses to Turkish and mathematic tests given by the fifth grade primary school students. There found a high level of correlations between the unit normal values of item difficulty indexes and the bg parameter estimated by the Rasch modeL. In addition to this, there also appeared a high level of correlations among the ability levels estimated by the Rasch modeL, the unit normal values of item difficulty indexes that were used instead of the parameters in Rasch model and classical test theory. The correlations were higer in higher ability levels.

Keywords: Rasch Model, Clasİcal Test Theory, Item Difficulty, Item Parameters
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In this study, the estimation of ability was worked on. Rasch modeling, which belongs to latent trait theory alternatived to classical theory, ıtem parameters and Function of Maximum Likelihood Estimation were used. I prepared and used the programme which is estimated the ability. This programme was written in Basic Programme Languages. The resul! of this study were agreed with those of before study in literature.

Keywords: Estimation of ability, Rasch Modeling, Maximum Likelihood Estimtion.
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Wenn man die LehrpHine des Biologieunterrichtes und des Faches Umwelt und Mensch betrachtet, stellt man mit einigen Ausnahmen nur sehr allgemeine Sachkenntnisse im kognitiven Bereich fest, der eine enzyklopadische Wissenvermittlung über Leben, Lebewesen und Natur mit ihren vielfaltigen Erscheinungsformen erstrebt. Hier wird hauptsachlich durch die biologischen Sachkenntnisse die Lösung menschlicher und umweltbezogener Probleme angestrebt. Der Biologie-Stundenplan ermöglicht in verschiedenen Schulzweigen aber dies leider nicht. Deswegen muB die wöchentliche Stundenzahl des Biologieunterrichtes in allen . Schularten erhöht werden.

Keywords: Biology Education andEnvironment Trainıng
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The quality of education that the society has in a country is nowadays being considered as the major indicator for its level of development. For this reason, know ledge and education have been considered as the most effective tool for social development, progress and respect. In this respect, educational expenditures have been accepted as the most valuable investment made in human beings and human resources. On the other hand, universities are leading institutions for the social development and progress and cultural communication centers which play an effective role in cultural, economic, political and technical parts of life. In this world of competition, universities have determined their new targets and tendencies. In the technological society of the 2000's, key notions which can define higher education systems and form their targets are: mass education, continuous education, elite education, interdisciplinary flexible education, globalisation, accreditation, advanced education technologies and planned basic researches. Here is a summary of the basic problem s of our higher education and our proposals to solve them: Like the problem s of other educationallevels, the problems of higher education in our country have not been examined carefully and there is no public opinion on them yet. The determined objectives ofhigher education have not been identified clearly yet and there has not been enough work to realize the determined objectives. There have not been considerable qualitative and quantitive developments at secondary education and guidance is not taken seriously. There has never been a realistic balance of manpower, education and employment. Higher education sounds quite monotonous. Teaching has not been considered as an attractive job. Quality of education at higher education has not been studied adequately. Scientific researches have not been supported sufficiently and there has not been enough cooperation for applied researches between universities and industrial cooperations.

Keywords: Newlendencies in higher education and the Turkish case.
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In this artiele, the effects of immigration on human health has been dealt with. The problem s that the Turks who have beel' experiencing in Germany for along time are being analyzed in details. It is chaimed, in this artiele, that cultural problems, lack of cummunication, unemployment as a result of immigration effect the human psychology and body health all the claims are being bestowed on scientific theorics.

Keywords: Immigration, human being, health
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In view of the fact that foreign language could not be taught effectively in secondary education to reach the objectives, the new schools which have privileges have been opened under the name of "Anadolu Lisesi" whose educational languages were English, German, and French, instead of the improvement of the system or replacement of it with a better one. Upon the great demand for them, the total numbers of these schools were increased abruptly irrespect of the requirements which the teaching staff should have; and even tutional private schools of this kind were opened. In recent years, following the way accepted in the secondary education, the higher education has maintained teaching in the foreign language. On the one hand, while the public universities ignore the significance of the foreign language taught; on the other hand, the education in the foreign language was realized in certain faculties of some universities and in all the faculties of some others. In secondary education, teaching mathematics, physics, biology, and chemistry in the foreign language can also contribute to students' knowledge of that foreign language. However, it is clear that it causes deficiency in leaming those scientific courses as well as creating difficulties for the students. The same is also valid for the universities whose educational language is a foreign language. Considering the relationship between language and thought in addition to the fact that students waste time in preparatory classes and that it is hard to learn the higher-Ievelled knowledge in the foreign language, we can daim that teaching in the foreign language is an obstruction for the improvement of scientific thinking. Furthermore, the employment fields where the required knowledge acquired in the foreign language will be used are rather restricted. I believe that, starting from the secondary schools till the end of the universities so as to try to teach a foreign language satisfactorily, it will be better to teach a second compulsory foreign language which can be selected by the students from high schools on, instead of underrating teaching of a foreign language in most of the schools of both secondary and higher education.

Keywords: Foreign Language Teaching; Foreign Language medium of instruction; FL T and Mother Tongue
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Glassware and apparatus constructed for microscale chemistry such as "Minilabor" can be used for various standard laboratory operations and analytical work. In microscale laboratory work less chemicals are needed, energy co nsumption is reduced, reaction times are shortened, laboratory work is more simple and can easily be rationalized, and waste production is drastically reduced.

Keywords: microscale chemistry; pharmaceutical chemistry; analytical chemistry; stand ard laboratory operations.
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Attitudes, for certain objects, situations, associations, content or for other people are learned tendencies. These attitudes mig ht be accepted or opposed. Researches done in this field have indicated that the attitudes of a person towards the material to be learned, teacher and subject area has affected school achievemenL Because of this, the main purpose of this study is to find out the attitudes of the students towards their departments, cources, teachers and friends. This study is a descriptive research. The sample of the study included 246 students studying at the Department of Educational Sciences, Hacettepe University. An attitude scale that consists four subscales utilized in the study. Findings have shown that there was no statistically significant difference between first and fourth grades of bQth (EPÖ)! and (EÖDP students related to four of subsubscales. However, there was statistically significant differences between first and fourth year of (EPH)3 students for all of the sub-scales. There also found a statistically significant difference between first and fourth grade (EYTPE)4 students related to sub-scale of "attitudes towards the cources".

Keywords: Attitude, Mesurement of attitudes
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This paper is a brief summary of a study carried out in ten provinces of Turkey for fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the University of Leicester, England. As the title tries to stress, this artiele concerns primary school supervisors' practical involvement in certain specific innovative behaviours and practices. The entire thesis was submitted in May 1993. The aim of the study was to attempt to focus on tl1e relationship between educational innovation and primary school supervision in Turkey. The main focus is on the innovative behaviours exhibited by the primary school supervisors. Thus, the experiences of primary school teachers and primary school supervisors about these behaviours are identified. The findings of the study revealed that the vast majority of the pre-defined would-be innovative behaviours of supervisors had not been adequately exhibited both in quantity and quality. according to the responses of the vast majority of the teachers. However, a substantial proportion of the supervisors reported that tl1ey had exhibited those behaviours. The findings also suggested that tl1e "quality control" or "assessment" aspect of the primary school supervisian in Turkey was given more weight than tl1e "support" and "advice" aspects of il. However, the results also highlighted that there was a need for shifting of the focus away from monitoring and inspection to support and advice in supervisory activities.

Keywords: Innovation, Supervision, Inspection, Primary School, Innovative Behaviour.
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